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}} The Mamluk Sultanate ((トルコ語:Memlük Sultanlığı), (アラビア語:سلطنة المماليك) ''Sulṭanat al-Mamālīk'') was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid Dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods—one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517. Western historians call the former the “Baḥrī” period and the latter the “Burjī,” because of the political dominance of the regiments known by these names during the respective times. The contemporary Muslim historians referred to the same divisions as the “Turkish”〔〔〔〔〔〔〔 and “Circassian” periods, in order to call attention to the change in ethnic origin of the majority of Mamlūks. Mamlūk state reached its height under the Turkish rule and then fell into a prolonged phase of decline under the Circassians.〔〔 The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of Mamluks, soldiers of predominantly Cuman-Kipchaks (from Crimea),〔H. B. Paksoy, (Central Asian Monuments ), p. 32,〕 Circassian, Abkhazian,〔Jane Hathaway, The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdaglis. Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 104, (Online )〕 Oghuz Turks〔İslam Ansiklopedisi, Volume: 24, Page: 442, (Online )〕 and Georgian slave origin.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Alexander )〕 While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. Mamluks were considered to be "true lords", with social status above citizens of Egypt. Though it declined towards the end of its existence, at its height the sultanate represented the zenith of medieval Egyptian and Levantine political, economic, and cultural glory in the Islamic era. ==Name== The names given to the sultanate were derived from those of the ruling sultan or the dynasty or group he belonged to, such as the Bahri and Burji dynasties. Modern scholars use dawlat al-mamālīk (Arabic دولة المماليك), which means "the Mamlūk sultanate", but this name is rarely used by the Mamluks themselves. Some other less historically accurate names include "Baḥrī sultanate/period", dawlat al-baḥriyya (Arabic: الدولة البحرية), and "Burjī sultanate/period", al-dawla al-burijyya (Arabic: الدولة البرجية), as these were rarely used by medieval Mamluk historians, but are currently used as sub-periods of the Mamluk sultanates. One of the sultanate's official names was dawlat al-atrāk (Arabic: دولة الاتراك)/dawlat al-Turk (Arabic: دولة الترك)/ al-dawla al-turkiyya (Arabic: الدولة التركية) "The state of the Turks".〔Nicolle, David (2014). "Mamluk ‘Askari 1250–1517", p. 4.〕 The Arabic sources for the period of the Bahri Mamluks refer to the dynasty as the ''Dawlat al-Atrak'',〔The name Atrak (الأتراك) is a Arabic plural form of the word Turk.〕 ''Dawlat al-Turk'' or ''al-Dawla al-Turkiyya''.〔"The Cambridge History of Egypt", Volume 1, (1998) p. 250.〕 Other official names used were dawlat al-jarākisa(Arabic: دولة الجراكسة), which means "the period of the Circassians", knowing that most of the Burji Mamluks were of Circassian origin. Al-dawla al-turkiyya al-jarkasiyya (Arabic: دولة التركية الجراكسية) is a name that indicates both a linguistic and an ethnic affiliation of the ruling sultans, its meaning being "state of Turkish-speaking Circassians". Al-dawla al-Ẓāhiriyya (Arabic: الدولة البحرية), which means "Ẓāhirī state/dynasty". This name is derived from the dynasty of Sultan Baibars, known as "al-Malik al-Zahir", "the conquering king", and his two sons, Al-Said Barakah and Solamish. They ruled for two consecutive decades (1260-1279). Dawlat al-Qalāwūn (Arabic: دولة قلاوون) or dawlat banī Qalāwūn (Arabic: دولة بني قلاوون), which means "Qalāwūnī dynasty", is a name derived from Sultan Qalawun's. Qalawun's dynasty ruled for over one hundred years, between 1279 and 1382. Al-dawla al-mughuliyya (Arabic: الدولة المغولية), meaning "the Mongol state", was used during Sultan Al-Adil Kitbugha's rule (1294-1296), who was of Mongol extraction. During Baybars al-Jāshankīr's short reign (1308–1309) the state was known as al-dawla al-burijyya (Arabic: الدولة البرجية), or "the Burjī sultanate/period", when in fact he ruled during the Baḥrī sultanate/period, but was of Circassian extraction, much like the later Burjī sultans. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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